https://youtu.be/56gzV0od6DUhttp://www.BrosInTheKnow.com
~ This video has been edited together from several other video
documentaries to describe the Mandelbrot set! An incredible mathematical
formula explaining fractals and geometry! Several mathematicians and
scientists explain this phenomenon in clear detail. Please enjoy!
The strange things is, if you apply the Mandelbrot Set to time,
something incredible happens. Eventually, everything falls apart. Math
ceases, physics can not go on. Time stops. Yet, time goes on. Yet time
does not really exist. Everything, it turns out, is just a mental
construct. Reality, as human beings perceive it, is something that
exists somewhere between the physical and the nothing...that which
non-existed before the Big Bang. You try to put your head around that
and you could find it takes a mind- an observer - to make reality pop
into existence as we perceive it. This might be the reason the universe
requires life. The big question is - "What was living and observing to
make the "Fist Reality" pop into this existence?
Please, don't take this idea too seriously. It's rather pointless since
it can never be seriously investigated. Panck understood that.
Last comment is Anglo centric, Hindu and Chinese literature expound Time as a Human Construct. I posit the Time being a Man created idea, and was nothing but a way to Capitalize on Labour, that TIME IS NOT A VIABLE POINT IN PURE MATHEMATICS.
Time Machine, I ask, would time travel take us back BEFORE Man Invented TIME?
Ancient Philosophy held to a non-linear reality. Linear consciousness is a Western Empirical creation, which supports our Western ideology of Endless Consumption of Natural Resources, and the genocide of all civilisations that do not believe it.
Think of how the Spanish Ethnic Cleansed the American Indians, and Later American Founding Fathers finished off with "Andrew Jackson's" Indian Removal Act.
The scholars posit 10-20 Millions in North America and Canada.
Genocide is defined as destruction of culture and societal cohesion + ethnic cleansing.
Punishable Acts:
The
following are genocidal acts when committed as part of a policy to destroy
a group’s existence:
Killing members of the group includes direct killing
and actions causing death.
Causing serious bodily or mental harm includes
inflicting trauma on members of the group through widespread torture,
rape, sexual violence, forced or coerced use of drugs, and mutilation.
Deliberately inflicting conditions of life calculated
to destroy a group includes the deliberate deprivation of resources
needed for the group’s physical survival, such as clean water, food,
clothing, shelter or medical services.
Deprivation of the means to sustain
life can be imposed through confiscation of harvests, blockade of foodstuffs,
detention in camps, forcible relocation or expulsion into deserts.
Prevention of births includes involuntary sterilization, forced
abortion, prohibition of marriage, and long-term separation of men and
women intended to prevent procreation.
Forcible transfer of children may be imposed by direct force or
by fear of violence, duress, detention, psychological oppression or other
methods of coercion.
The Convention on the Rights of the Child defines
children as persons under the age of 18 years.
Genocidal acts need not kill or cause the death
of members of a group. Causing serious bodily or mental harm, prevention
of births and transfer of children are acts of genocide when committed as
part of a policy to destroy a group’s existence.
Photo of Modoc Yellow Hammer taken by Joseph Andrew Shuck before 1904. From the Lena Robitaille Collection at the Oklahoma Historical Society Photo Archives.
Chief Yellow Hammer painted in traditional clothing by E.A Burbank, 1901.
About 600 members of the tribe currently live in Klamath County, Oregon, in and around their ancestral homelands. This group included the Modoc who stayed on the reservation during the Modoc War, as well as the descendants of those who chose to return in 1909 to Oregon from Indian Territory in Oklahoma or Kansas. Since that time, many have followed the path of the Klamath.[3] The shared tribal government of the Klamath, Modoc and Yahooskin in Oregon is known as the Klamath Tribes.[4]
Two hundred Modoc live in Oklahoma on a small reservation in Ottawa County, Oklahoma, purchased for them by the federal government. Originally they were placed on the Quapaw Indian Reservation at the far northeast corner of Oklahoma. They are descendants of the band led by Captain Jack (Kintpuash) during the Modoc War. The Modoc Tribe of Oklahoma was officially recognized by the United States government in 1978, and their constitution was approved in 1991.[5]
Estimates for the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. James Mooney put the aboriginal population of the Modoc at 400.[6]Alfred L. Kroeber estimated the Modoc population within California as 500 at the year 1770.[7] University of Oregon anthropologist Theodore Stern suggested that there had been a total of about 500 Modoc.[8] In 1846, the population may have included "perhaps 600 warriors (an overestimate, probably)".[9]
Prior to the 19th century, when European explorers first encountered the Modoc, like all Plateau Indians, they caught salmon during salmon runs and migrated seasonally to hunt and gather other food.[10] In winter, they built earthen dug-out lodges shaped like beehives, covered with sticks and plastered with mud, located near lake shores with reliable sources of seeds from aquatic wokas plants and fishing.[11]
The known Modoc village sites are Agawesh, where Willow Creek enters Lower Klamath Lake, of the Gombatwa·s or Lower Klamath Lake People Band; Kumbat and Pashha on the shores of Tule Lake of the Pasganwa·s or Tule Lake People Band; and Wachamshwash and Nushalt-Hagak-ni on the Lost River of the Goġewa·s or Lower Lost River People Band.[8][10][12][13] The Modoc have also been known as the Modok (Brandt and Davis-Kimball xvi).
Brothers Jesse and Lindsay Applegate, accompanied by 13 other white settlers, established the Applegate Trail, or South Emigrant Trail, in 1846. It connected a point on the Oregon Trail near Fort Hall, Idaho, and the Willamette Valley in western Oregon.[15] The new route was created to encourage European-Americans to come to western Oregon, and to eliminate the hazards encountered on the Columbia Route.[16] Since the British Hudson's Bay Company controlled the Columbia Route, development of an alternate route enabled migration even if there were trouble between the United States and the United Kingdom.[17] The Applegate brothers became the first known white people in present-day Lava Beds National Monument.[18]
The opening of the Applegate Trail appeared to bring the first regular contact between the Modoc and the European-American settlers, who had largely ignored their territory before.[19] Many of the events of the Modoc War took place along the trail.[20]
From 1846 to 1873, thousands of emigrants entered the Modoc territory. Beginning in 1847, the Modoc raided the invading emigrants on the Applegate Trail[21] under the leadership of Old Chief Schonchin.[9]
In September 1852, the Modoc destroyed an emigrant train at Bloody Point on the east shore of Tule Lake, killing all but three of the 65 persons in the party. The Modoc took two young girls as captives.[21][22] One or both of them may have been killed several years later by jealous Modoc women.[23] The only man to survive the attack made his way to Yreka, California. After hearing his news, Yreka settlers organized a militia under the leadership of Sheriff Charles McDermit, Jim Crosby, and Ben Wright. They went to the scene of the massacre to bury the dead and avenge their death. Crosby's party had one skirmish with a band of Modoc and returned to Yreka.[10][24][25]
Ben Wright and a small group stayed on to avenge the deaths. He was a notorious Indian hater.[26] Accounts differ as to what took place when Wright's party met the Modoc on the Lost River, but most agree that Wright planned to ambush them, which he did in November 1852. Wright and his forces attacked, killing approximately 40 Modoc, in what came to be known as the "Ben Wright Massacre."[23]
Historians have estimated that at least 300 emigrants and settlers were killed by the Modoc during the years 1846 to 1873. Perhaps as many Modoc were killed by settlers and slave traders.[citation needed]
L to R, standing: US Indian agent, Winema (Tobey) Riddle, a Modoc; and her husband Frank Riddle, with four Modoc women sitting in the front two rows. Photographed by Eadweard Muybridge, 1873.
The United States, the Klamath, the Modoc, and the Yahooskin band of Snake tribes signed a treaty in 1864 that established the Klamath Reservation.[13] The treaty required the tribes to cede the land bounded on the north by the 44th parallel, on the west and south by the ridges of the Cascade Mountains, and on the east by lines touching Goose Lake and Henley Lake back up to the 44th parallel.[27]
In return, the United States was to make a lump sum payment of $35,000, and annual payments totaling $80,000 over 15 years,[10] as well as providing infrastructure and staff for a reservation. The treaty provided that if the Indians drank or stored intoxicating liquor on the reservation, the payments could be withheld and that the United States could locate additional tribes on the reservation in the future.[27] The tribes requested Lindsay Applegate as the US Indian agent.[citation needed]
The terms of the 1864 treaty demanded that the Modoc surrender their lands near Lost River, Tule Lake, and Lower Klamath Lake in exchange for lands in the Upper Klamath Valley.[10][28] They did so, under the leadership of Chief Schonchin.[29] The Indian agent estimated the total population of the three tribes at about 2,000 when the treaty was signed.[30]
The land of the reservation did not provide enough food for both the Klamath and the Modoc peoples. Illness and tension between the tribes increased. The Modoc requested a separate reservation closer to their ancestral home, but neither the federal nor the California governments would approve it.[10][31]
In 1870 Kintpuash (also called Captain Jack) led a band of Modoc to leave the reservation and return to their traditional homelands. They built a village near the Lost River. These Modoc had not been adequately represented in the treaty negotiations and wished to end the harassment by the Klamath on the reservation.[32]
In November 1872, the U.S. Army was sent to Lost River to attempt to force Kintpuash's band back to the reservation. A battle broke out, and the Modoc escaped to what is called Captain Jack's Stronghold in what is now Lava Beds National Monument, California. The band of fewer than 53 warriors was able to hold off the 3,000 troops of the U.S. Army for several months, defeating them in combat several times. In April 1873, the Modoc left the Stronghold and began to splinter. Kintpuash and his group were the last to be captured on June 4, 1873, when they voluntarily gave themselves up. The U.S. government personnel had assured them that their people would be treated fairly and that the warriors would be allowed to live on their own land.[33]
The U.S. Army tried, convicted and executed Kintpuash and three of his warriors in October 1873 for the murder of Major General Edward Canby earlier that year at a parley. The general had violated agreements made with the Modoc. The Army sent the rest of the band to Oklahoma as prisoners of war with Scarfaced Charley as their chief. The tribe's spiritual leader, Curley Headed Doctor, also was forced to remove to Indian Territory.[33][34]
In the 1870s, Peter Cooper brought Indians to speak to Indian rights groups in eastern cities. One of the delegations was from the Modoc and Klamath tribes. In 1909, the group in Oklahoma was given permission, if they wished, to return to Oregon. Several people did, but most stayed at their new home.[35]
The original language of the Modoc and that of the Klamath, their neighbors to the north, were branches of the family of Plateau Penutian languages. The Klamath and Modoc languages together are sometimes referred to as Lutuamian languages. Both peoples called themselves maklaks, meaning "people".[36] To distinguish between the tribes, the Modoc called themselves Moatokni maklaks, from muat meaning "South".[37] The Achomawi, a band of the Pit River tribe, called them Lutuami, meaning "Lake Dwellers".[11]
The religion of the Modoc is not known in detail. The number five figured heavily in ritual, as in the Shuyuhalsh, a five-night dance rite of passage for adolescent girls. A sweat lodge was used for purification and mourning ceremonies.[38]
^Fisher, Don C. (June 1937). "Outline of Events in the History of the Modoc War". Nature Notes from Crater Lake. Crater Lake National Park, Oregon: National Park Service. 10 (1). OCLC15927646.
Arnold, James R.; Tucker, Spencer C.; Wiener, Roberta, eds. (2011). The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890. 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN978-1-85109-697-8. OCLC838905208.CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Grubbs, Bruce (2006). Hiking Nevada: A Guide to Nevada's Greatest Hiking Adventures (Second ed.). Helena, Montana: Falcon Press. ISBN978-0-7627-3417-7. OCLC70915489.
Heard, Joseph Norman (1997). Handbook of the American Frontier: Four Centuries of Indian-White Relationships. Native American Resources series. IV. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN9780810832831. OCLC498503287.
Kessel, William B.; Wooster, Robert, eds. (2005). Encyclopedia of Native American Wars and Warfare. New York, New York: Facts on File. ISBN0-8160-3337-4. OCLC44509237.CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Kroeber, Alfred Louis (1976) [1925]. Handbook of the Indians of California. Bulletin (Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology). New York, New York: Dover Publications. ISBN9780486233680. OCLC2972541.
Michno, Gregory F.; Michno, Susan J. (2009). Circle the Wagons!: Attacks on Wagon Trains in History and Hollywood Films. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. ISBN978-0-7864-3997-3. OCLC231671302.
Mooney, James (1928). The Aboriginal Population of America North of Mexico. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 80. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. OCLC1729762.
Murray, Keith A. (1959). The Modocs and Their War. The Civilization of the American Indian. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN9780806113319.
Neiderheiser, Leta Lovelace (2010). Jesse Applegate: A Dialogue With Destiny. Mustang, Oklahoma: Tate Publishing & Enterprises. ISBN978-1-61739-229-0. OCLC701809610.
Pease, Robert W. (1965). "Modoc County". University of California Publications in Geography. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. 17. ISSN0068-6441. OCLC3714154.
Philip, Neil (2006). The Great Circle: A History of the First Nations. New York, New York: Clarion Books. ISBN978-0-618-15941-3. OCLC62330691.
Ruby, Robert H.; Brown, John A. (1981). Indians of the Pacific Northwest: A History. The Civilization of the American Indian. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN0-8061-2113-0. OCLC7272798.
Ruby, Robert H.; Brown, John A.; Collins, Cary C. (2013). A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest. The Civilization of the American Indian (Fourth ed.). Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN978-0-8061-4024-7.
Stern, Theodore (June 1998). "Klamath and Modoc". In Walker, Deward E.; Sturtevant, William C. Handbook of North American Indians. 12, Plateau. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 446–456. ISBN0-16-049514-8. OCLC39401371.CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Thrapp, Dan L. (1988). Encyclopedia of Frontier Biography. III. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN9780803294202. OCLC23583099.
U.S. Department of Agriculture (2004). Soil Survey of Douglas County Area, Oregon: Part I. Washington, D.C.: Natural Resources Conservation Service. OCLC58436713.